Efek Heat Stress terhadap Kesehatan pada Pekerja Pertanian: Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis
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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56211/pubhealth.v5i2.1828Keywords:
Dampak Kesehatan; Pekerja Pertanian; Stres Panas
Abstract
Pekerja pertanian merupakan kelompok yang rentan terhadap paparan panas. Beberapa penelitian sudah membahas efek heat stress pada pekerja pertanian, tetapi sebagian besar hanya membahas kelompok pekerja dan jenis gangguan kesehatan tertentu. Systematic review ini bertujuan menggambarkan berbagai efek heat stress terhadap kesehatan pekerja pertanian secara komprehensif, termasuk pada kelompok pekerja rentan dan berbagai jenis gangguan kesehatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode systematic review yang disusun berdasarkan pedoman PRISMA. Pencarian literatur menggunakan kata kunci “Heat Stress” OR “Heat Exposure” AND “Agricultural Workers” OR “Farmworkers” AND “Health Effects” OR “Health Outcomes” melalui database ScienceDirect, Scopus, dan PubMed. Artikel yang diinklusi merupakan penelitian empiris tahun 2016-2026 yang melibatkan pekerja pertanian outdoor dan mengevaluasi dampak kesehatan akibat heat stress pada pekerja pertanian. Dari 146 artikel yang ditemukan, 12 artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan dianalisis lebih lanjut. Hasil menunjukkan prevalensi heat-related illness (HRI) pada pekerja pertanian anak maupun dewasa berkisar 47,8%-52,2%, dengan gejala meliputi sakit kepala, kram otot, hingga penurunan fungsi ginjal dalam jangka panjang. Paparan panas juga berdampak pada kesehatan mental dan kesejahteraan pekerja seperti gangguan tidur, gangguan konsentrasi, dan penurunan produktivitas kerja. Risiko ditemukan lebih tinggi pada kelompok pekerja rentan, seperti pekerja migran, perempuan, ibu hamil, serta pekerja anak. Pada pekerja perempuan, risiko HRI 3,29 kali lebih besar dibandingkan laki-laki. Diperlukan upaya perlindungan melalui penerapan intervensi berbasis rest-shade-hydration.
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